Hepcidin Upregulation in Lung Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target Associated With Immune Infiltration
在本研究中,作者分析了Hepcidin基因可作為肺癌患者治療的潛在靶標,并分析該分與免疫浸潤的相關性
發表雜志:Frontiers in Immunology
影響因子:7.624
研究背景
腫瘤可以依靠重編程鐵代謝來獲得生長和轉移優勢,鐵代謝上調被認為是腫瘤的重要特征之一(hallmarker)。以鐵代謝途徑為靶向的腫瘤化學生物方法選擇性抑制腫瘤的潛在機制尚不清楚。作者通過評價鐵代謝中發揮重要調節作用的Hepcidin分子在肺癌中的預后,免疫浸潤等價值來闡述鐵代謝在肺癌治療的遠景
流程圖

三、結果解讀
1. Hepcidin在肺癌患者呈高表達趨勢
作者首先選用Tumor Immune Estimation Resource(TIMER) 數據庫進行探索Hepcidin的表達情況(圖1)。
如圖所示,在BRCA,COAD,ESCA,HNSC,KICH,KIRP,LUAD, LUSC,STAD較正常對照樣本為高表達。
作者繼續使用GEPIA數據庫,UALCAN數據庫,比較LUAD 和LUSC與正常樣本之間Hepcidin的表達差異(圖2B/C)。
作者同時下載TCGA的肺癌數據,對Hepcidin基因進行表達差異分析,非配對差異分析結果顯示Hepcidin在肺癌中顯著高表達(圖1D)。配對差異分析顯示Hepcidin在肺癌中顯著高表達(圖1E)。
作者采用免疫組化驗證了肺癌組織中Hepcidin明顯較正常肺組織中高表達(圖2A/B)。作者的肺癌細胞系進行qPCR結果同上(圖2C)。



圖 1 | Expression of hepcidin in lung cancer. (A) Hepcidin expression in different types of cancer was investigated with the TIMER database. (B) Increased or decreased expression of hepcidin in lung cancer compared to normal tissues in the GEPIA database. (C) Hepcidin expression in lung cancer was examined by using the UALCAN database. (D) Analysis of hepcidin expression in lung cancer and adjacent normal tissues in the TCGA database. (E) TCGA database and statistical analyses of hepcidin expression in 58 pairs of LUAD tissues and adjacent normal tissues and 50 pairs of LUSC tissues and adjacent normal tissues, respectively. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.

圖 2 | Protein expression of hepcidin in lung cancer patients. (A) Immunohistochemical staining of hepcidin was performed in lung cancer and normal lung tissues. Representative images are shown. Scare bars, 50 mM. (B) The staining was quantified, as shown. The dot plot depicts the means and standard deviation of 10 images of lung cancer patient tissues and normal lung tissues. (C) Hepcidin expression in three different cell lines was examined by real-time PCR. The mean ±
s.d. is shown. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with the post hoc Tukey test. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
2. Hepcidin的表達情況與肺癌患者的臨床相關性
根據性別分組比較,男性肺癌的Hepcidin表達情況明顯高于女性(圖3A)。根據臨床分期比較,Hepcidin在肺癌的不同臨床分期中,表達量存在差異(圖3B)。根據腫瘤分期,Hepcidin在肺癌的N0,N1期,表達量存在差異(圖3C)。根據TP53突變情況,發現Hepcidin在TP53-WT和TP-53-wild中,表達量均高于正常肺組織。不同年齡階段的肺癌患者,Hepcidin的表達量也存在差異。

圖 3 | Box plots evaluating hepcidin expression among different groups of patients based on clinical parameters using the UALCAN database. Analysis is shown for sex (A), cancer stage (B), and metastasis (C). N0: no regional lymph node metastasis; N1: metastases in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes; N2: metastases in 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes; N3: metastases in 10 or more axillary lymph nodes. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
3. Hepcidin高表達與肺癌患者的預后分析
Kaplan-Meier plotter數據庫的結果顯示,Hepcidin高表達的肺癌患者的OS,PFS較差(圖4A)。作者進一步在PrognoScan數據庫進行了分析,在GSE31210,GSE4573兩個數據集中, Hepcidin高表達的肺癌患者的OS,PFS較差(圖4B)。

圖 4 | Survival curve evaluating the prognostic value of hepcidin. (A) Survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier plotter are shown for OS, PFS and PPS.(B) Survival curves using the PrognoScan database are shown for OS and RFS
4.基于不同臨床特征驗證Hepcidin在肺癌中的預后價值
作者根據Hepcidin表達量,選取高表達的肺癌患者,合并臨床表型矩陣,進行回歸分析,繪制森林圖。結果顯示,性別,腫瘤分期,吸煙史,AJCC分期,腫瘤切緣,化療史均與患者預后相關(圖4C)。

圖4 (C) A forest plot shows the correlation between hepcidin expression and clinicopathological parameters in LUAD and LUSC patients. Fan et al. Hepcidin and Lung Cancer Frontiers
5. 分析與hepcidin相關的基因,hepcidin的突變信息
作者通過GeneMania,預測hepcidin互作基因,并建立交互網絡(圖5A)。功能分析,顯示互作基因主要參與急性炎癥反應。蛋白之間互作關系,作者選用STRING數據庫進行分析(圖5B)。基于TCGA肺癌表達數據,進行鐵代謝相關基因的與hepcidin相關性的分析(圖5C/D)。hepcidin突變分析,作者選用cBioPortal數據庫,展示肺癌數據集中hepcidin突變信息。


圖5 | (A) The gene-gene interaction network of hepcidin was constructed using GeneMania. (B) The PPI network of hepcidin was generated using STRING. (C, D) A heat map shows the correlations between hepcidin and iron metabolism-related genes in LUAD and LUSC, respectively. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
6. hepcidin基因富集分析和hepcidin共表達基因分析
基于TCGA數據庫,與hepcidin基因正負表達相關性最強的前50個基因被選出(圖6A,B)。作者選取與hepcidin正相關的錢300個基因,進行KEGG,GO富集分析,展示hepcidin涉及的通路和生物學功能。顯著相關的BP,KEGG展示于圖6D,F。



圖 6 | GO and KEGG enrichment analysis for hepcidin. (A) Heat maps showing the top 50 genes positively correlated with hepcidin in LUAD. (B) Heat maps showing the top 50 genes positively correlated with hepcidin in LUSC. (C) Top 20 enrichment terms in BP categories in LUAD. (D) Top 20 enrichment terms in BP categories in LUSC. (E) Top 20 KEGG enrichment pathways in LUAD. (F) Top 20 KEGG enrichment pathways in LUSC.
7. hepcidin基因的免疫浸潤分析
結果顯示hepcidin基因的表達與B cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells 浸潤水平顯著相關(圖7A)。作者進一步分析了腫瘤微環境與hepcidin基因的關系,作者采用CIBERSORT分析補充上述結果(圖7B)。


8. Hepcidin基因和免疫標記的關系
作者在TIMER 數據庫,注意分析了Hepcidin和免疫細胞標記分子之間的聯系,總結成表格(表1)。

9. 通過分析Hepcidin基因與免疫細胞浸潤水平,評估Hepcidin基因在肺癌的預后價值
作者通過KM-Ploter數據庫,逐一分析了免疫細胞浸潤亞組與肺癌患者預后的關系。結果顯示B cells, CD4+ memory T cells數量的減少與肺癌患者預后差相關(圖8A,B)。


圖8 | Kaplan-Meier survival curves according to high and low expression of hepcidin in immune cell subgroups in lung cancer. (A) A forest plot shows the prognostic value of hepcidin expression according to different immune cell subgroups in LUSC patients. (B) Correlations between hepcidin expression and OS in different immune cell subgroups in LUSC patients were estimated by Kaplan-Meier plotter.
四、小結
在這片文章中,作者基于在線數據庫,探索hepcidin基因在肺癌的預后價值。多個在線數據庫,利用TCGA,GEO的數據分析了hepcidin的表達與肺癌患者的預后存在相關性。其次探討肺癌患者免疫浸潤水平與hepcidin表達的關系。作者基于KMploter數據庫,進行亞組預后分析,不同的免疫細胞水平變化同樣存在不同預后信息。富集分析確定了hepcidin相關基因參與的生物學過程。這項研究表明了hepcidin基因的表達與肺癌患者的預后有著密切聯系,并且與腫瘤獲得免疫浸潤有著緊密的聯系。
參考文獻:
1. Fan Y , Liu B , Chen F , et al. Hepcidin Upregulation in Lung Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target Associated With Immune Infiltration[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 12:612144.