m6A修飾在調節小膠質細胞炎癥反應中的作用

今天給大家介紹一篇影響因子8+的文章,這篇文章發布在期刊: Journal of Neuroinflammation。首先來了解下這本期刊,Journal of Neuroinflammation今年的影響因子為:8.322。比上一年增長了2.529。中科院JCR分區,中科院大類: 醫學 1區。中科院小類: 2區,免疫學。年發文量在280左右,投稿周期: 平均4月。為了方便大家查閱,附上期刊網址:https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/
思維導圖:

背景知識:
小膠質細胞是一種非神經細胞,屬于中樞神經系統(CNS)細胞的膠質細胞群。作為腦實質的常駐免疫細胞,小膠質細胞在神經系統和免疫系統之間起著中樞通訊的作用,協調中樞神經系統的穩態和免疫監視功能。在感覺到中樞神經系統穩態被破壞后(如病原體、損傷或病理性壓力的刺激),小膠質細胞會迅速改變其基因表達程序和功能譜。
本文的作者主要研究了三種類型的小膠質細胞,M0-L:具有內穩態的小膠質細胞。M1-L:主要釋放炎性介質,發揮促炎作用。M2-L:組織修復和動態平衡恢復有關。
最近,在建立RNA表達譜以應對環境影響的機制中,RNA修飾正在成為基因表達的重要調控機制。在150多種RNA修飾中,N6甲基腺苷(m6A)RNA甲基化是最主要的形式,約占腺苷殘基總量的0.3%。在分子水平上,m6A被認為影響RNA的穩定性、翻譯、microRNA的生物發生、剪接、X染色體失活等生物學過程。近年來,與m6A修飾RNA相關的多種生物學現象,如肥胖、癌癥、細胞分化、受精和多能性等。
研究思路與結果:
為了闡明小膠質細胞表型對轉錄本特異性m6A改變的影響,作者從小膠質細胞(M0-L、M1-L、M2-L)中分離RNA和通過免疫沉淀m6A甲基化RNA。然后用大鼠m6A mRNA和lncRNA表觀轉錄生物芯片分析(M0-L:n =3,M1-L:n=3; M2-L:n=3),芯片的結果顯示,在M1-L/M0-L比較中,543個mRNAs和263個lncRNAs呈現高度甲基化,1045個mRNAs和77個lncRNAs呈現低度甲基化。大多數差異甲基化的mRNAs(65.6%)是顯著低甲基化的,而大多數lncRNAs(77.4%)是顯著高甲基化的(fold change≥1.5 or≤0.7,P<0.05)。在M2-L/M0-L比較中,只有46個mRNAs和7個lncRNAs發生了差異高甲基化,而大多數mRNAs(269個;85.4%)和lncRNAs(31個;81.6%)發生了差異低甲基化。如圖1,這些數據表明,M0-L、M1-L和M2-L小膠質細胞表現出不同的m6A修飾的mRNA和lncRNA模式,其中在促炎的M1-L小膠質細胞中m6A甲基化水平的變化最大。

圖1. mRNA and lncRNA m6A modification profile changes in different primary rat microglia phenotypes. Hierarchical clustering of all samples revealed the non-random partitioning of samples into three major groups: M1-L vs M0-L; M2-L vs M0-L; and M2-L vs M1-L. Each column represents one sample and each row represents one mRNA (A) or lncRNA probe set (B)
作者為了研究M0-L、M1-L和M2-L之間的mRNA表達模式,根據生物芯片的結果,用火山圖(圖2,A)展示了總mRNA在M1-L/M0-L、M2-L/M0-L、M2-L/M1-L中差異表達。在這里作者為了增強文章的邏輯性和說服力,將小膠質細胞特異性標志物與大腦其他部位和免疫細胞的標志物相比,結果顯示小膠質細胞特異性標志物均檢測到較高水平,表明分選的小膠質細胞純度較高(圖2,B)。然后,作者選擇差異表達的mRNA和差異m6A甲基化mRNA,通過火山圖直觀的分析m6A甲基化與mRNA表達的相關性(圖2,C)。此外,作者還分析了這些m6A修飾相關基因在M0-L、M1-L和M2-L表型中的表達趨勢(圖3)。
這些結果顯示,在M1-L/M0-L中,83.3%(106個基因)的m6A差異相關基因與M2-L/M1-L中的m6A相關基因呈負相關,提示這些基因可能在小膠質細胞的炎癥反應中起重要作用。

圖2. mRNA expression analysis of M0-L, M1-L, and M2-L phenotypes in microglia. A Volcano plot analysis of 3627 upregulated and 1275 downregulated mRNAs (M1-L vs M0-L, P < 0.05); 4360 upregulated and 316 downregulated mRNAs (M2-L vs M0-L, P < 0.05); 1896 upregulated and 3199 downregulated mRNAs (M2-L vs M1-L, P < 0.05). Red boxes represent ≥ 1.5-fold change difference, P < 0.05. Green boxes represent ≤0.7-fold change difference, P < 0.05. B Expression of markers specific to different brain and immune cell types in M0-L, M1-L, and M2-L samples.Data represent mean ± SD of three biological replicates. C Association analysis of m6A methylation and mRNA expression: M1-L vs M0-L: 39Hyper-Up mRNAs, 319 Hyper-Down mRNAs, 515 Hypo-Up mRNAs, 138 Hypo-Down mRNAs (P < 0.05); M2-L vs M0-L: 26 Hyper-Up mRNAs, 0Hyper-Down mRNAs, 177 Hypo-Up mRNAs, 11 Hypo-Down mRNAs (P < 0.05); M2-L vs M1-L: 95 Hyper-Up mRNAs, 32 Hyper-Down mRNAs, 48Hypo-Up mRNAs, 49 Hypo-Down mRNAs (P < 0.05).

圖3. Expression patterns of m6 A modification-associated genes among the M0-L, M1-L and M2-L phenotypes. Venn diagrams showing unique and common A Hyper-Up and Hypo-Down, B Hyper-Down and Hypo-Up, C Hypo-Up and Hyper-Down, D Hypo-Down and Hyper-Up genes between “M1-L vs M0-L” (purple) and “M2-L vs M1-L” (blue). (P < 0.05).
M6A相關基因的鑒定對于探索m6A修飾的分子功能具有重要意義。作者先將M1-L/M0-L上調的總mRNAs做KEGG富集分析,發現有16條顯著上調的通路,其中低甲基化/上調的有46個mRNAs(圖4)。根據富集的結果,低甲基化的m6a修飾模式主要參與三個主要過程信號轉導(i)(環境信息處理),(ii)免疫系統,(iii)折疊,分類和降解(遺傳信息處理)。作者還非常細心的將46個基因的細節用表格的形式展現出來。不僅如此,作者進一步把46個mRNAs的位置和相關通路標注在通路示意圖上(圖5)。黃色方塊代表46個低m6A和上調的mRNAs在相關通路中的位置,白色方塊代表不受m6A修飾調控的其他通路的mRNAs。紅色字母表示M2-L/M1-L中的m6A超甲基化mRNAs。其次,KEGG分析顯示,M1-L/M0-L中9個高度甲基化的mRNAs參與了10條顯著上調的途徑,包括信號轉導、免疫系統處理和蛋白質降解(P<0.05,圖6,A-C)。這些途徑可能代表了在小膠質細胞激活過程中可能發生的不同的促炎過程。其中Tnfaip3和Birc3基因參與了四條信號通路,有三條是共同的:NOD樣受體信號通路、腫瘤壞死因子信號通路和核因子-κB(NF-κB)信號通路(圖6D)。圖6D顯示了其他七個基因及其相關的信號通路。總之,作者的結果表明,m6A修飾的mRNA參與多種生物過程有關。

圖4. Biological function predictions of the hypo-upregulated mRNAs in M1-L versus M0-L by pathway analysis. A–C Pathway analysis was applied to 46 upregulated hypo-methylated mRNAs and revealed that 16 upregulated pathways were involved in three biological processes (P < 0.05). Enrichment scoring = ?log10 (P value).

圖5 Schematic overviews of signaling pathways associated with 46 upregulated and m6A hypo-methylated mRNAs in M1-L/M0-L. The yellow squares represent the location of 46 hypo m6A and upregulated mRNAs in the related pathways and white squares represent other mRNAs of the pathways which were not be regulated by m6A modification. The red letters represent the m6A hyper-methylated mRNAs in M2-L/M1-L.Detailed descriptions of the proteins, m6A mRNAs, and pathways are presented in Table 1.

圖6 Functional predictions of the hyper-upregulated mRNAs in M1-L versus M0-L based on pathway analysis. A–C Pathway analysis was applied to 9 mRNAs and revealed that 10 upregulated pathways were involved in 3 biological processes (P < 0.05). Enrichment scoring = ?log10(P value). D Nine m6A hyper-methylated mRNAs and their proteins are in the 10 upregulated signaling pathways. The green circles represent proteins, the orange arrows show the mRNA and protein pair, and blue arrows indicate signaling pathways that proteins involved. The mRNAs using red font represent the m6A mRNAs that were hypo-methylated in M2-L vs M1-L.
為了探討m6A修飾的lncRNAs在小膠質細胞激活過程中的可能作用,作者篩選了87個m6A相關的lncRNAs,它們在M1-L/M0-L發生高甲基化,在M2-L/M1-L發生低甲基化(圖7)。只有3個lncRNA在M1-L/M0-L中低度甲基化和M2-L/M1-L中的高度甲基化。這里作者并未選擇M2-L/M0-L,筆者認為很有可能lncRNA在M1-L/M0-L和M2-L/M0-L具有高度一致性。
接下來作者分析這些lncRNA的定位,結果表明大多數差異的m6a甲基化的lncRNAs是基因間的(圖7)。并且將這些lncRNAs與其相鄰的編碼基因(位于300kb以內)結合,并篩選出M1-L/M0-L中差異表達的基因,以分析這些m6A修飾的lncRNAs的潛在功能。
此外,作者的結果表明,11個m6A修飾的lncRNA可能調節與14個顯著上調的通路相關的13個上調的mRNA的表達,包括免疫系統和信號轉導過程(圖7C)。這些途徑可能調節小膠質細胞活化過程中的炎癥和活性氧的產生。除LOC103691608、AABR07014125.2和LOC103691640外,其余8個lncRNA均參與多條信號通路的調控(圖8)。

圖7 Biological function predictions of the m6 A lncRNAs based on pathway analysis of their adjacent coding-genes within 300 kb in the genome. A Subgroup analysis of 87 altered m6 A lncRNAs that were hyper-methylated in M1-L/M0-L and hypo-methylated in M2-L/M1-L in relation to their nearby coding genes. B Subgroup analysis of three altered m6 A lncRNAs that were hypo-methylated in M1-L/M0-L and hyper-methylated in M2-L/M1-L in relation to their nearby coding genes. C Pathway analysis was applied to 13 mRNAs that were adjacent to 11 m6A- modified lncRNAs and revealed that 14 upregulated pathways were associated with two biological processes. Enrichment scoring = ?log10 (P value).

圖8 Schematic overviews of the signaling pathways in which 10 m6 A lncRNAs are probably involved. Ten m6 A methylated lncRNAs, their regulated mRNAs and proteins are in the 14 upregulated signaling pathways. The red circles represent proteins, the green arrows represent the regulatory relationship of lncRNA to mRNA, the orange arrows show the mRNA and protein pair, and blue arrows indicate signaling pathways that proteins are involved.
Birc3, Gbp5, 和Tnfaip3 mRNA的m6A水平在M1-L/M0-L中上調,而在M2-L/M1-L中下調。M1-L組Ccl7和Sod2 mRNAs m6A水平低于M0-L組,M2-L組高于M1-L組(圖9A)。接下來,作者分析了這5個mRNAs的表達水平,以確定m6A 修飾過程是否調節了小膠質細胞極化過程中mRNA的表達。qRT-PCR分析顯示,這5個mRNA在M1-L/M0-L中上調,在M2-L/M1-L中下調。結果表明,m6A甲基化的Birc3, Gbp5和Tnfaip3表現出mRNA的穩定性和表達增加,而m6A的修飾與Ccl7、Sod2 mRNA的降解有關(圖9C)。
作者還分析了在M2-L/M0-L小膠質細胞中涉及幾條上調途徑的Pole2、Psat1、Ndufb11、Ccnh和Dpyd mRNAs的m6A修飾和表達水平。這些結果表明,在M2-L/M0L表型中,Pole2、Psat1、Ndufb11和Ccnh mRNAs發生了低甲基化并上調了表達,而Dpyd mRNA則發生了高甲基化并上調了表達(圖9E)。
最后,作者分析了5個lncRNA的m6A修飾和表達水平。LOC102555300、AABR07044444.2、LOC103691027和AABR07014125.2在M1-L/M0-L小膠質細胞中發生高甲基化,在M2-L/M1-L中發生低甲基化,而AABR07012131.1的m6A水平在M1-L/M0-L中下調,在M2-L/M1-L中上調。高度甲基化的LOC102555300、AABR07044444.2、LOC103691027和AABR07014125.2在M1-L/M0-L中的表達水平降低,表明m6A修飾使這些lncRNA不穩定,易于降解。而在M2L/M1-L中,LOC102555300、AABR07044444.2、LOC103691027和AABR07014125.2的lncRNA水平顯著升高。作者發現低甲基化的lncRNA AABR07012131.1在M1L/M0-L中低水平表達,而在M2-L/M1-L中高表達(圖9 B、D)。綜上所述,作者的數據顯示生物芯片、MeRIP和qRT-PCR分析之間的變化是一致的,并進一步證實了m6A mRNA和lncRNA生物芯片的結果。

圖9 The m6 A methylation level and expression analysis of the lncRNAs and mRNAs in different phenotypes of primary rat microglia. The m6A levels of A five mRNAs and B five lncRNAs were analyzed by MeRIP-qPCR; the expression level of C five mRNAs and D five lncRNAs were analyzed using qRT-PCR in M1-L vs M0-L and M2-L vs M1-L. E The m6 A level and expression level of five mRNAs were analyzed by MeRIP-qPCR and qRT-PCR, respectively in M2-L vs M1-L. qRT-PCR was performed using the GAPDH gene as an internal control. Error bars represent the standard errors of independent samples. n = 3 per group, *P < 0.05
本文小結:
在這項研究中,作者利用m6A甲基化的RNA IP去結合大鼠m6A mRNA和lncRNA,然后進行生物芯片分析,廣泛探索了在穩態(M0-L)、促炎(M1-L)和抗炎(M2-L)條件下小膠質細胞潛在的m6A修飾模式和m6A相關特征。作者發現在M1-L和M0-L、M2-L和M0-L表型之間的mRNAs和lncRNAs發生了m6A甲基化改變,從而突出了m6A修飾在小膠質細胞炎癥反應中的潛在作用。
參考文獻:
1.Li Q, Wen S, Ye W, et al: The potential roles of m(6)A modification in regulating the inflammatory response in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 18:149, 2021